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Sanderson, Bill (2008-08-25). "Toughest Stuff Known to Man: Discovery Opens Door to Space Elevator". nypost.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06 . Retrieved 2008-10-09. The reactants are the metal oxide compound and carbon. The products are the pure metal and either carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Sabin, J. R.; Kim, H. (1971). "A theoretical study of the structure and properties of carbon trioxide". Chemical Physics Letters. 11 (5): 593–597. Bibcode: 1971CPL....11..593S. doi: 10.1016/0009-2614(71)87010-0. Yinon Bar-On; etal. (Jun 19, 2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". PNAS. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711842115. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.

Shungite is not a meteorite, but a mineral that contains high amounts of carbon. How Do You Recharge Shungite? While fuel cells for converting hydrogen to electricity have been in production for many years, the introduction of commercial passenger FCEVs has spurred innovation to reduce the use of platinum to limit costs. For example, Toyota’s second-generation Mirai, released in 2020, uses over 80% less platinum per kW of output than the 2008 prototype and roughly a third less than the first-generation from 2014. If targets to reduce platinum loading per kW are met, demand for FCEVs in the SDS would grow platinum demand to just over 100 tonnes by 2040. Carbon may burn vigorously and brightly in the presence of air at high temperatures. Large accumulations of coal, which have remained inert for hundreds of millions of years in the absence of oxygen, may spontaneously combust when exposed to air in coal mine waste tips, ship cargo holds and coal bunkers, [138] [139] and storage dumps.

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While crystalline silicon modules are expected to continue to dominate the solar PV market, further progress on alternative technologies could see these technologies achieving growing market shares by 2040, which we explore in three alternative cases: high cadmium telluride, high perovskite, and high gallium arsenide.

Compounds of carbon: carbon suboxide". Archived from the original on 2007-12-07 . Retrieved 2007-12-03. Moll N. G.; Clutter D. R.; Thompson W. E. (1966). "Carbon Trioxide: Its Production, Infrared Spectrum, and Structure Studied in a Matrix of Solid CO 2". Journal of Chemical Physics. 45 (12): 4469–4481. Bibcode: 1966JChPh..45.4469M. doi: 10.1063/1.1727526. Some allotropes of carbon: a) diamond; b) graphite; c) lonsdaleite; d–f) fullerenes (C 60, C 540, C 70); g) amorphous carbon; h) carbon nanotube The International Energy Agency recently calculated that if the world is to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050, demand for critical and rare minerals will be six times higher than today by 2040. Demand for lithium alone will be 40 times higher in 2040 because of its use in batteries. We explore three alternative scenarios to assess how the demand outlook for various minerals could change under varying technology evolution trends.The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a moulding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors, and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. In combination with oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon is found in the Earth's atmosphere (approximately 900gigatonnes of carbon — each ppm corresponds to 2.13Gt) and dissolved in all water bodies (approximately 36,000gigatonnes of carbon). Carbon in the biosphere has been estimated at 550gigatonnes but with a large uncertainty, due mostly to a huge uncertainty in the amount of terrestrial deep subsurface bacteria. [56] Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain carbon as well. Coal "reserves" (not "resources") amount to around 900gigatonnes with perhaps 18,000 Gt of resources. [57] Oil reserves are around 150gigatonnes. Proven sources of natural gas are about 175 ×10 12cubic metres (containing about 105 gigatonnes of carbon), but studies estimate another 900 ×10 12cubic metres of "unconventional" deposits such as shale gas, representing about 540 gigatonnes of carbon. [58] In most stable compounds of carbon (and nearly all stable organic compounds), carbon obeys the octet rule and is tetravalent, meaning that a carbon atom forms a total of four covalent bonds (which may include double and triple bonds). Exceptions include a small number of stabilized carbocations (three bonds, positive charge), radicals (three bonds, neutral), carbanions (three bonds, negative charge) and carbenes (two bonds, neutral), although these species are much more likely to be encountered as unstable, reactive intermediates. The great variety of carbon compounds include such lethal poisons as tetrodotoxin, the lectin ricin from seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, cyanide (CN −), and carbon monoxide; and such essentials to life as glucose and protein.

Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86thed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. Diamond is an excellent electrical insulator, [28] and has the highest breakdown electric field of any known material.Loerting, T.; etal. (2001). "On the Surprising Kinetic Stability of Carbonic Acid". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (5): 891–895. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000303)39:5<891::AID-ANIE891>3.0.CO;2-E. PMID 10760883. According to current physical cosmology theory, carbon is formed in the interiors of stars on the horizontal branch. [77] When massive stars die as supernova, the carbon is scattered into space as dust. This dust becomes component material for the formation of the next-generation star systems with accreted planets. [51] [78] The Solar System is one such star system with an abundance of carbon, enabling the existence of life as we know it. It is the opinion of most scholars that all the carbon in the Solar System and the Milky Way comes from dying stars. [79] [80] [81] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 "for their discovery of fullerenes" ". Archived from the original on 2007-10-11 . Retrieved 2007-12-21. Characteristics Theoretically predicted phase diagram of carbon, from 1989. Newer work indicates that the melting point of diamond (top-right curve) does not go above about 9000K. [20] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nded.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.